The Importance of Understanding the Reproductive System for Overall Health and Wellness

Progress Check 1

Question 1

Tick-mark the correct meaning of reproduction

(i) increase in population

(ii) increase in the number of parents

(iii) production of new individuals of the same kind

(iv) production of identical individuals

Answer

production of new individuals of the same kind

Question 2

State very briefly the chief function of each of the following :

(i) Seminal vesicles

(ii) Prostate gland

(iii) Cowper's gland

(iv) Sperm duct (vas deferens)

Answer

(i) Seminal vesicles produce a secretion that serves as a medium for the transportation of the sperms.

(ii) It pours an alkaline secretion into the semen as it passes through the urethra. It neutralises acid in female's vagina.

(iii) The secretion of Cowper's gland serves as a lubricant.

(iv) Sperm duct (vas deferens) help in the transportation of the sperms from the testes upwards to the abdomen.

Progress Check 2

Question 1

State whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F):

(i) One egg is released from each of the two ovaries every month.

(ii) The enlarged mature follicle bursts to release the egg.

(iii) The egg is passed down through the oviduct by muscular contractions.

(iv) Clitoris is equivalent to the male penis.

(v) The vagina is a muscular tube.

Answer

(i) FalseCorrected Statement — One egg is released from one of the two ovaries every month.

(ii) True

(iii) True

(iv) True

(v) True

Progress Check 3

Question 1

Name the three main regions of the human sperm, and briefly mention the function of each.

Answer

The three main regions of human sperm and their function are:

1. Head (Acrosome) — It secretes an enzyme (hyaluronidase) which facilitates entry of sperm into the egg by dissolving the wall of the ovum.

2. Middle Piece (Mitochondria) — It provides energy for the activity of the sperm to swim.

3. Tail (Axial filament) — Lashing movements of tail helps in propulsion.

Question 2

Name the following :

(i) Three accessory glands of human male reproductive system.

(ii) Two hormones secreted from placenta.

(iii) Two types of twins.

(iv) Two layers of the wall of uterus.

Answer

(i) Three accessory glands of human male reproductive system are:

1. Seminal vesicles

2. Prostate gland

3. Bulbo-urethral gland (or Cowper's gland)

(ii) Two hormones secreted from placenta are:

1. Oestrogens

2. Progesterone

(iii) Two types of twins are:

1. Fraternal Twins

2. Identical Twins

(iv) Two layers of the wall of uterus are:

1. Endometrium

2. Myometrium

Question 3

List the substances which the foetus receives from the mother through placenta.

Answer

The foetus receives following substances from the mother through placenta:

1. Oxygen

2. Glucose

3. Amino acids

4. Lipids, fatty acids and glycerol

5. Vitamins

6. Mineral ions such as Na, K, Ca, Cl, etc.

7. Certain drugs

8. Alcohol, nicotine

9. Antibodies

10. Viruses

Question 4

How are carbon dioxide and urea, excreted by the foetus, removed?

Answer

The placenta is formed of two sets of finger-like projections, the villi. One set is given out by uterine wall and the other set by allantois from the embryo. These two set of villi are interlocked. The impurities excreted by foetus are exchanged by their capillaries to the capillaries of uterine wall (mother).

Question 5

Write one sentence each using the following terms pertaining to reproduction in humans.

(i) Gestation

(ii) 280 days

(iii) Head first

(iv) Placenta

(v) After-birth

(vi) Tied and cut

Answer

(i) The gestation period refers to the full term of the embryo in the uterus.

(ii) In humans, the gestation period is 280 days.

(iii) During parturition, the baby is pushed out by powerful contraction, head first.

(iv) Placenta is the disc like structure attached to the uterine wall.

(v) After about 15 minutes of birth of baby, the placenta breaks from the uterus and is expelled out as "after-birth".

(vi) The umbilical cord is tied and cut after birth.

Question 6

Does the foetus inside the mother's uterus breathe? Yes/No

Answer

No

Reason — No, the foetus inside the mother's uterus does not breathe in the same way as a born baby or an adult. The exchange of gases between the mother's blood and the foetal blood takes place in the placenta, and the foetus obtains the necessary oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide through this process. The actual breathing, as in inhaling and exhaling air into the lungs, only begins after birth when the baby takes its first breath.

Question 7

Mention if the following statements are True (T) or False (F):

(i) Placenta produces certain hormones.

(ii) Amniotic fluid serves to provide oxygen to the foetus.

(iii) Heart and blood vessels have been formed by the end of five weeks of pregnancy.

(iv) Mother's blood flows into the foetus through placenta.

Answer

(i) True

(ii) FalseCorrected Statement — Amniotic fluid serves to provide protection to the foetus.

(iii) True

(iv) FalseCorrected Statement — Mother's blood and the foetal blood do not directly mix in the placenta. Instead, the placenta acts as a barrier between the maternal and foetal circulations to allow for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products without direct mixing of blood.

Question 8

Complete the following by filling in the blanks 1 to 5 with appropriate words:

The human female gonads are ovaries. A maturing egg in the ovary is present in a sac of cells called ...............(1). As the egg grows larger, the follicle enlarges and gets filled with a fluid and is now called the ............... (2) follicle. The process of releasing the egg from the ovary is called ............... (3). The ovum is picked up by the oviductal funnel and fertilization takes place in the ...............(4). In about a week the blastocyst gets fixed in the endometrium of the uterus and this process is called ...............(5).

Answer

The human female gonads are ovaries. A maturing egg in the ovary is present in a sac of cells called follicle(1). As the egg grows larger, the follicle enlarges and gets filled with a fluid and is now called the Graafian (2) follicle. The process of releasing the egg from the ovary is called ovulation (3). The ovum is picked up by the oviductal funnel and fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube (4). In about a week the blastocyst gets fixed in the endometrium of the uterus and this process is called implantation (5).

Multiple Choice Type

Question 1

The male accessory gland whose secretion neutralizes the acidity of the urethra and vagina is:

1. Seminal vesicle

2. Prostate gland

3. Seminiferous tubule

4. Bulbo-urethral gland

Answer

Prostate gland

Reason — The secretion of prostate gland is alkaline in nature and it neutralises the acidity of the urethra and vagina.

Question 2

The onset of menstruation in women is called ;

1. Parturition

2. Menopause

3. Ovulation

4. Menarche

Answer

Menarche

Reason — The term used for onset of menstruation in young female is called Menarche.

Question 3

In the human menstrual cycle, the ovulation occurs around :

1. 7 days

2. 21 days

3. 28 days

4. 14 days

Answer

14 days

Reason — Ovulation occurs during mid-menstrual cycle.

Question 4

Fertilization takes place in :

1. Fallopian tube

2. Uterus

3. Vas deferens

4. Vagina

Answer

Fallopian tube

Reason — Fertilization takes place in oviduct or Fallopian tube.

Question 5

The packing tissues between the coils of the seminiferous tubules are called as :

1. Leydig cells

2. Hymen

3. Graafian follicle

4. Clitoris

Answer

Leydig cells

Reason — The packing tissues between the coils of the seminiferous tubules are called as interstitial cells or Leydig cells.

Question 6

Which of the following cannot pass readily through the placenta to the foetus ?

1. Antibodies

2. Amino acids

3. Alcohol

4. Haemoglobin

Answer

Haemoglobin

Reason — There is exchange of substances between the capillaries of foetus and mother but their blood never mixes. Therefore, there is no exchange of Haemoglobin.

Question 7

The thin-walled sac of skin in which testis descends is :

1. Seminal vesicle

2. Vas deferens

3. Scrotal sac

4. Epididymis

Answer

Scrotal sac

Reason — Testis descends into scrotal sac.

Question 8

The outermost layer of uterine wall around the foetus is :

1. Choroid

2. Allantois

3. Chorion

4. Amnion

Answer

Chorion

Reason — The outermost layer of uterine wall around the foetus is chorion.

Question 9

The period of pregnancy is called :

1. Parturition

2. Implantation

3. Copulation

4. Gestation

Answer

Gestation

Reason — The duration between fertilization and birth of baby is called gestation period. It is 280 days in case of humans.

Question 10

The canal through which each testis descends into the scrotum just before the birth of a male baby is :

1. Acrosome

2. Epididymis

3. Efferent duct

4. Inguinal canal

Answer

Inguinal canal

Reason — The canal through which each testis descends into the scrotum just before the birth of a male baby is inguinal canal.

Very Short Answer Type

Question 1

Name these:

(a) 3 male accessory glands in humans.

(b) 2 hormones secreted from the corpus luteum.

(c) 4 phases of the menstrual cycle.

(d) 2 types of twins.

(e) 3 membranous, protective layers around the foetus.

Answer

(a) 3 male accessory glands in humans are:

1. Seminal vesicle

2. Prostate gland

3. Cowper's gland

(b) 2 hormones secreted from the corpus luteum are:

1. Oestrogen

2. Progesterone

(c) 4 phases of the menstrual cycle are:

1. Menstrual phase

2. Follicular phase

3. Ovulatory phase

4. Luteal phase

(d) 2 types of twins are:

1. Fraternal Twins

2. Identical Twins

(e) 3 membranous, protective layers around the foetus are:

1. Chorion

2. Amnion

3. Allantois

Question 2

Rewrite the terms in the correct order so as to be in a logical sequence.

(a) Implantation, ovulation, child birth, gestation, fertilisation.

(b) Sperm duct, coitus, sperm, vagina, urethra.

(c) Sperm duct, penis, testes, sperms, semen.

(d) Puberty, menopause, menstruals, menarche, reproductive age.

(e) Graafian follicle, ostium, uterus, fallopian tube, ovum.

Answer

(a) Ovulation → fertilization → implantation → gestation → child birth

(b) Sperm → sperm duct → urethra → coitus → vagina

(c) Testes → Sperms → Sperm duct → Semen → Penis

(d) Reproductive age → Puberty → Menarche → Menstruals → Menopause

(e) Ovum → Graafian follicle → Ostium → Fallopian tube → Uterus.

Question 3

Give appropriate terms for the following processes:

(a) The onset of reproductive phase in a female.

(b) Rupture of follicle and release of ovum from the ovary.

(c) Monthly discharge of blood and disintegrated tissues in human female.

(d) Process of fusion of ovum and sperm.

(e) Fixing of developing zygote (blastocyst) on the uterine wall.

Answer

(a) Menarche

(b) Ovulation

(c) Menstruation

(d) Fertilization

(e) Implantation

Question 4

Match the items in column I with those in column II and write down the matching pairs (some may not match)

Column I	Column II
(a) Acrosome	(i) An embryo which looks like human baby
(b) Gestation	(ii) Luteinizing hormone
(c) Menopause	(iii) Ovum producing cells
(d) Foetus	(iv) Semen
(e) Oogenesis	(v) Spermatozoa
(f) Ovulation	(vi) Complete stoppage of menstrual cycle
	(vii) Time taken by a fertilized egg till the delivery of baby

Answer

Column I	Column II
(a) Acrosome	(v) Spermatozoa
(b) Gestation	(vii) Time taken by a fertilized egg till the delivery of baby
(c) Menopause	(vi) complete stoppage of menstrual cycle
(d) Foetus	(i) An embryo which looks like human baby
(e) Oogenesis	(iii) ovum producing cells
(f) Ovulation	(ii) Luteinizing hormone

Question 5

Given below are some groups of terms. In each group, one pair indicates the relationship between the two terms. Rewrite and complete the second pair on a similar basis.

(a) Sperm : Spermatogenesis : Ovum : ...............

(b) Female gonad : Ovaries :: Male gonad : ...............

(c) Follicle cells : Ova :: ............... : Sperms

(d) Leydig cells : Testosterone :: ............... : Oestrogen

(e) Follicular phase : 5-12 days :: Luteal phase : ............... days.

Answer

(a) Sperm : Spermatogenesis : Ovum : Oogenesis

(b) Female gonad : Ovaries :: Male gonad : testes

(c) Follicle cells : Ova :: Seminiferous tubules : Sperms

(d) Leydig cells : Testosterone :: Corpus Luteum : Oestrogen

(e) Follicular phase : 5-12 days :: Luteal phase : 15-28 days.

Question 6

Choose the odd one out from the group of terms given below and write the category for the remaining terms:

(a) Testis, Epididymis, Uterine tube, Sperm duct.

(b) Seminal vesicle, Seminiferous tubule, Prostate gland, Cowper’s gland.

(c) Uterus, Ureter, Oviduct, Ovaries.

(d) Choroid, Chorion, Amnion, Allantois.

(e) Zona pellucida, Acrosome, Axial filament, Middle piece.

Answer

(a) Odd term: Uterine tubeCategory: Male reproductive system organs

(b) Odd term: Seminiferous tubuleCategory: Male accessory glands

(c) Odd term: UreterCategory: Female reproductive system organs

(d) Odd term: ChoroidCategory: Protective membranes around foetus.

(e) Odd term: Zona pellucidaCategory: Parts of sperm

Short Answer Type

Question 1

(a) State whether the following statements are TRUE (T) or FALSE (F).

1. Fertilisation occurs in vagina.

2. Uterus is also known as birth canal.

3. Nutrition and oxygen diffuse from the mother's blood into the foetus's blood through amnion.

(b) Rewrite any two of the wrong statements by correcting only one word either at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.

Answer

(a)

1. False

2. False

3. False

(b)

1. Corrected Sentence — Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube.

2. Corrected Sentence — Vagina is also known as the birth canal.

3. Corrected Sentence — Nutrition and oxygen diffuse from the mother's blood into the foetus's blood through placenta.

Question 2

Complete the following table by writing the name of the structure or the function of the given structure:

Structure	Function
(1) Corpus luteum	1. ...............
(2)...............	2. Produces male gametes in mass
(3)Leydig cells	3. ...............
(4)...............	4. Stores the sperms until they mature and become mobile
(5)Umbilical cord	5. ...............
(6)Fallopian tube	6. ...............

Answer

Structure	Function
(1) Corpus luteum	1. Secretes progesterone & other hormones to prepare the uterine wall for the receival of the embryo.
(2) Testes	2. Produces male gametes in mass
(3) Leydig cells	3. Produce the male hormone testosterone
(4) Epididymis	4. Stores the sperms until they mature and become mobile
(5) Umbilical cord	5. Connects placenta with foetus
(6) Fallopian tube	6. The site of fertilization for the sperm and ovum.

Question 3

Given below are the names of certain stages/substances related to reproduction and found in human body. Answer the questions related to them.

(a) Foetus

• Where is it contained?

• How does it differ from embryo?

(b) Hyaluronidase

• Is it an enzyme or simply a protein?

• What is its function?

(c) Morula

• What is this stage?

• Name the stage which comes next to it.

(d) Amniotic fluid

• Where is it found?

• What are its functions?

(e) Placenta

• What are the two sources that form placenta?

• Name any two main substances which pass from foetus to mother through placenta.

• Name any two hormones it produces.

(f) Implantation

• The development stage that undergoes this process.

• The approximate time after fertilisation, when it occurs.

Answer

(a) Foetus —

• It is contained in the uterus.

• In foetus, limbs have appeared and resembles the humans unlike the embryo which is a growing or dividing zygote.

(b) Hyaluronidase —

• Enzyme

• It is an enzyme secreted by the sperm that allows the sperm to penetrate the egg.

(c) Morula —

• It is the stage in the development of human embryo which consists of a spherical mass of cells.

• Blastocyst

(d) Amniotic fluid —

• Between amnion and embryo

• The functions of Amniotic fluid are:

  1. It protects the embryo from physical damage by jerks or mechanical shocks.

  2. Keeps an even pressure all around the embryo.

  3. Allows the foetus some restricted movement.

  4. Prevents sticking of the foetus to the amnion.

(e) Placenta —

• Placenta is formed by two sets of minute finger like processes called the villi. One set of villi is from the uterine wall and the other set is from the allantois.

• Carbon dioxide and Urea pass from foetus to mother through placenta.

• Two hormones produced by Placenta are Progesterone and Oestrogens.

(f) Implantation —

• Blastocyst

• It occurs in about 5-7 days after fertilisation.

Question 4

Write important functions of the following :

(a) Inguinal canal

(b) Testis

(c) Ovary

(d) Oviduct

(e) Uterus

Answer

(a) Inguinal canal allows the descent of testes into scrotal sac.

(b) Testis produce and store sperms and also secrete testosterone hormone.

(c) Ovaries produce the egg cells, called the ova. The corpus luteum in the ovary secretes two hormones — Oestrogen and Progesterone.

(d) Oviducts (Fallopian tubes) carry the released ovum from the ovary to the uterus. Fertilisation also occurs in the Oviduct.

(e) The uterus is responsible for nurturing and housing a developing fetus during pregnancy.

Question 5

Write the specific location of each of the following :

(a) Seminal vesicle

(b) Uterus

(c) Placenta

(d) Acrosome

(e) Vagina

Answer

(a) Seminal vesicles are located between the posterior surface of the urinary bladder and the rectum in males.

(b) Uterus is situated in the pelvic cavity between the urinary bladder and the rectum in females.

(c) Placenta is attached to the uterine wall.

(d) Head of sperm.

(e) Vagina starts from lower end of uterus to outside.

Descriptive Type

Question 1

Define the following terms:

(a) Reproduction

(b) Hernia

(c) Ovulation

(d) Puberty

(e) Fertilization

(f) Hymen

Answer

(a) Reproduction — Reproduction is the process of formation of new individuals by sexual or asexual means, which can repeat the process in their own turn.

(b) Hernia — Hernia is an abnormal condition which is caused when the intestine due to the pressure in abdomen bulges into the scrotum through the inguinal canal.

(c) Ovulation — Ovulation is the rupture of the follicle releasing the egg .

(d) Puberty — Puberty is the period during which immature reproductive system in boys and girls matures and becomes capable of reproduction.

(e) Fertilization — The fusion of the male gamete (sperm) and the female gamete (ovum) to form a zygote is called fertilisation.

(f) Hymen — Hymen is a thin membrane which partially covers the opening of the vagina in young females.

Question 2

Distinguish between the following pairs:

(a) Spermatogenesis and oogenesis

(b) Implantation and gestation

(c) Pregnancy and parturition

(d) Placenta and umbilical cord

(e) Identical and fraternal twins

(f) Menarche and menopause

Answer

(a) Difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis —

Spermatogenesis	Oogenesis
It is the process of production of sperms in seminiferous tubules of testes.	Oogenesis is the process in which the ova - producing cells give rise to the mature ovum.

(b) Difference between implantation and gestation —

Implantation	Gestation
The process of fixing of the blastocyst to the wall of the uterus/endometrium is termed implantation.	The full term of the development of the embryo in the uterus is called gestation.

(c) Difference between pregnancy and parturition —

Pregnancy	Parturition
It is the state of carrying a developing embryo or a foetus within the female body.	It is the act of expelling the full term foetus from the mother's uterus at the end of gestation.

(d) Difference between placenta and umbilical cord —

Placenta	Umbilical cord
Placenta is the intimate connection established between the foetal membranes and uterine wall permitting diffusion of nourishment from the mother's blood to that of the growing foetus and disposal of wastes from the blood of the foetus to that of the mother.	It is a cord containing blood vessels which connects the placenta with the foetus.

(e) Difference between identical and fraternal twins —

Identical twins	Fraternal twins
Identical twins are produced by a single fertilised egg getting split into two parts during its early stages of cell division.	Fraternal twins are produced by two different eggs which are released from the ovaries at a time and both got fertilised together.
Identical twins are either both boys or both girls.	Fraternal twins may be either both boys or both girls or one boy and one girl.

(f) Difference between Menarche and Menopause —

Menarche	Menopause
It is the onset of menstruation in a young female at about the age of 13 years.	It is the permanent stoppage of menstruation in females at about the age of 45 years.

Question 3

What is the significance of the testes being located in the scrotal sacs outside the abdomen? Can there be any abnormal situation regarding their location? If so, what is that and what is the harm caused due to it?

Answer

Testes are responsible for the production of male gametes i.e. sperms. The normal body temperature does not allow the maturation of the sperms. Being suspended outside the body cavity, the temperature in the scrotal sac is 2 to 3°C lower than that of the body which is the suitable temperature for the maturation of the sperms.When it is too hot, the skin of the scrotum loosens so that the testes hang down away from the body. When it is too cold, the skin contracts in a folded manner and draws the testes closer to the body for warmth.In an abnormal condition, in the embryonic stage, the testes do not descend into the scrotum. It can lead to sterility or incapability to produce sperms.

Question 4

What are the secondary sexual characteristics in the human male and female respectively?

Answer

Secondary sexual characteristics in males:

1. Deeper voice

2. Hair growth on the face in the form of beard and moustache

3. Stronger muscular built

Secondary sexual characteristics in females:

1. High pitched voice

2. Broad hips

3. Development of breasts

Question 5

What are the accessory reproductive organs?

Answer

The accessory reproductive organs include all those structures, ducts and glands which help in the transfer and meeting of two kinds of sex cells leading to fertilization and in the growth and development of the egg up to the birth of the baby.

For example: Uterus in females, Penis in males.

Question 6

Differentiate between the primary and accessory reproductive organs.

Answer

Primary Reproductive Organs	Accessory Reproductive Organs
The primary reproductive organs do not help in the development of baby.	The accessory organs help in the growth and development of egg up to the birth of baby.
The primary reproductive organs produce sex cells — the sperms and eggs.	The accessory reproductive organs help in the transfer and meeting of two kinds of sex cells leading to fertilization.
Example: Testes in males and Ovaries in females.	Example: Penis in males, Uterus, Vagina in female.

Question 7

Name and describe very briefly, the stages in the development of human embryo.

Answer

The different stages in the development of human embryo are described below:

Question 8

Is it correct to say that the testes produce testosterone? Discuss.

Answer

Testosterone is the male reproductive hormone produced by the interstitial cells or the Leydig cells. These cells are located in the testes. They serve as a packing tissue between the coils of the seminiferous tubules. Therefore, it can be said that the testes produce the male hormone testosterone.

Structured / Application / Skill Type

Question 1

Given below is a diagram of two systems together in the human body.

(a) Name the systems.

(b) Name the parts numbered 1-10.

(c) Describe the functions of the parts 3, 4, 5 and 6.

(d) What will happen if the part 3 on both sides gets blocked?

Answer

(a) Excretory system and Female Reproductive system.

(b) The parts numbered 1-10 are:

• 1 → Kidney

• 2 → Ureter

• 3 → Fallopian Tube

• 4 → Oviducal Funnel

• 5 → Ovary

• 6 → Uterus

• 7 → Urinary Bladder

• 8 → Cervix

• 9 → Vagina

• 10 → Vulva

(c) Functions of the parts are:

• Fallopian Tube (part 3) — The fallopian tubes carry the ovum released from the ovary to the uterus.

• Oviducal Funnel (part 4) — It is the funnel shaped distal end of the ovary which picks up the released ovum and pushes it further on its passage into the fallopian tube.

• Ovary (part 5) — Ovary produces female gametes i.e. ova.

• Uterus (part 6) — Uterus allows the growth and development of the embryo.

(d) If fallopian tube (part 3) on both sides gets blocked, the ovum released by the ovary will not be pushed into the oviduct and hence, there will be no possibility of fertilisation.

Question 2

The figure given ahead is an organ system of humans. Study the same and answer the following questions.

(a) Identify the organ system.

(b) Label the guidelines 1 to 7.

(c) Write one important role of parts 3 and 6.

(d) Name the cells of part 1 that produce testosterone.

(e) What is the significance of the part 1 being located in a separate sac suspended outside the body ?

Answer

(a) Male Reproductive Organ System

(b)

• 1 → Testes

• 2 → Scrotal sac

• 3 → Epididymis

• 4 → Sperm duct

• 5 → Seminal vesicle

• 6 → Bulbo-Urethral Gland

• 7 → Urethra

(c) Part 3 (Epididymis) — It stores the sperms for some days during which they mature and become motile.Part 6 (Bulbo-Urethral Gland) — Their secretion serves as a lubricant.

(d) Leydig cells

(e) The normal body temperature does not allow the maturation of the sperms. Being suspended outside the body cavity, the temperature in the scrotal sac is 2 to 3°C lower than that of the body which is the suitable temperature for the maturation of the sperms.

Question 3

The figure given below is an important gonad of humans. Study the figure and answer the following questions.

(a) Identify the organ. Write its specific location in the body.

(b) Label the parts shown in the figure as 1 to 4.

(c) Write important functions of parts 2 and 4.

(d) Name one cellular structure and one hormone which are produced in part 3.

(e) Draw a neat and labelled diagram of the cellular structure mentioned by you in (d).

Answer

(a) Testis.They are located in scrotal sac.

(b)

• 1 → Epididymis

• 2 → Efferent ducts

• 3 → Seminiferous tubules

• 4 → Sperm duct

(c) Efferent ducts (Part 2) conduct sperm to epididymis.Sperm duct (Part 4) transmit sperms from testes to urethra.

(d) Sperms and testosterone.

(e) Labelled diagram of the cellular structure of the sperm is given below:

Question 4

Given below is the outline of the male reproductive system. Name the parts labelled 1 to 8. Also name the corresponding structure of part (4) in the female reproductive system.

Answer

• 1 → Urinary bladder

• 2 → Ureter

• 3 → Bulbo-urethral glands

• 4 → Sperm duct/Vas deferens

• 5 → Urethra

• 6 → Testis

• 7 → Scrotum

• 8 → Epididymis

Fallopian tubes (oviducts) in females are analogous to sperm ducts in males. Sperm ducts carry sperms to the urethra, while fallopian tubes carry ova to the uterus.

Question 5

The diagram below is that of a developing human foetus in the womb. Study the same and answer the questions that follow:

(a) Name the parts '1' to '5' indicated by guidelines.

(b) What term is given to the period of development of the foetus in the womb?

(c) How many days does the foetus take to be fully developed?

(d) Mention two functions of the parts labelled '2' other than its endocrine functions.

(e) Name any one hormone produced by the part labelled '2'.

Answer

(a) The parts 1 to 5 are:

• 1 → Umbilical cord

• 2 → Placenta

• 3 → Amnion

• 4 → Mouth of uterus

• 5 → Muscular wall of uterus

(b) Gestation

(c) 280 days

(d) Placenta provides the foetus with oxygen and nutrients. In addition, the placenta also removes carbon dioxide and waste products of the foetus.

(e) Progesterone

Question 6

The figure given below is the human female reproductive system. Study the same and answer the following questions.

(a) Label the guidelines 1 to 6 shown in the figure.

(b) What is the normal gestation period in human ?

(c) Where are the sperms released during coitus ?

(d) Write two important functions of part 2.

(e) Mention the technical term for the fixing of developing zygote to the uterine wall.

Answer

(a) The labelled guidelines are:

• 1 → Vagina

• 2 → Ovary

• 3 → Funnel of Oviduct

• 4 → Fallopian tube

• 5 → Uterus

• 6 → Uterus lining

(b) 280 days

(c) Vagina

(d) Ovary releases egg and produces hormones (oestrogen, progesterone)

(e) Implantation

Question 7

The diagram below represents two reproductive cells A and B. Study the same and then answer the questions that follow:

(a) Identify the reproductive cells A and B

(b) Name the specific part of the reproductive system where the above cells are produced.

(c) Where in the female reproductive system do these cells unite?

(d) Name the main hormone secreted by the (1) ovary (2) testes.

(e) Name an accessory gland found in the male reproductive system and state the function of its secretion.

Answer

(a) The reproductive cells A and B are:

• A → Ovum

• B → Sperm

(b) Parts of the reproductive system where the above cells are produced are:

• Sperms are produced in the testis.

• The ovum is produced in the ovary.

(c) The reproductive cells unite in the fallopian tubes of the female reproductive system.

(d) The main hormone secreted are:

• Ovary → Oestrogen and progesterone

• Testis →Testosterone

(e) Accessory glands found in the male reproductive system along with their functions are mentioned below:

• Seminal vesicle — They produce a secretion which serves as a medium for the transportation of the sperms.

• Prostate gland — It produces an alkaline secretion which mixes with the semen and helps neutralise acid in female's vagina.

• Bulbo-urethral gland — They produce a secretion which serves as a lubricant.

  
  

Unraveling the Mysteries of the Periodic Table: A Guide to Periodic Properties and Variations

Question 1(i)

State modern periodic law.

Answer

The Modern Periodic Law is stated as, "the physical and chemical properties of elements are the periodic functions of their atomic number."

Question 1(ii)

Name the scientist who stated the law.

Answer

Henry Moseley.

Question 1(iii)

How many groups and periods does modern periodic table have?

Answer

Groups - 18

Period - 07

Question 2

What are horizontal rows and vertical columns in a periodic table known as?

Answer

Horizontal rows are known as Periods,

Vertical columns are known as Groups.

Question 3

Periodicity is observed due to similar .......... (number of valence electrons/atomic number/electronic configuration)

Answer

Periodicity is observed due to similar electronic configuration.

Question 4

How does the electronic configuration in atoms change

(i) in a period from left to right?

(ii) in a group from top to bottom?

Answer

(i) As we move across a period the number of shells remain same & number of valence electron increases by one.

(ii) As we go from top to bottom in a group the number of shells increases one by one but the number of electron remain the same.

Question 5

Name two elements in each case :

(i) Alkali metals

(ii) Alkaline earth metals

(iii) Halogens

(iv) Inert Gas

Answer

(i) Lithium (Li) and Sodium (Na).

(ii) Beryllium (Be) and Magnesium (Mg).

(iii) Fluorine (F) and Chlorine (Cl).

(iv) Helium (He) and Neon (Ne).

Question 6

Elements of group 1 and elements of group 17 both have valency 1. Explain.

Answer

Valency is equal to the number of electrons an atom can donate or accept or share. Hence, it depends on the number of electrons in the outermost shell (i.e. valence shell).

Group 1 (IA) elements have one electron in their outermost shell. So they donate this one electron to become stable hence their valency is one. On the other hand, Group 17 (VIIA) elements have seven electrons in their outermost shell. So they accept one electron to attain stable electronic configuration hence their valency is also one.

Question 7

Correct the statements.

(i) Elements in the same period have the same valency.

(ii) Valency depends upon the number of shells in an atom.

(iii) Copper and zinc are representative elements.

(iv) Transition elements are placed at extreme right of the periodic table.

Answer

(i) Elements in the same group have the same valency.

(ii) Valency depends upon the number of valence electrons in an atom.

(iii) Copper and Zinc are transition elements.

(iv) Noble gases are placed at the extreme right of the periodic table.

Question 8

What do you understand by ?

(i) Periodicity

(ii) Typical elements

(iii) Orbits

Answer

(i) The properties that reappear at regular intervals, or in which there is gradual variation (i.e. increase or decrease) at regular intervals, are called 'periodic properties' and the phenomenon is known as the periodicity of elements.

(ii) The third period elements are typical elements. They are Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Aluminium (Al), Silicon (Si), Phosphorus (P), Sulphur (S), Chlorine (Cl) .

(iii) Electrons revolve around the nucleus in certain definite circular paths called orbits.

Question 9

Name two elements that you would expect to show chemical reactions similar to calcium. What is the basis of your choice ?

Answer

Beryllium and Magnesium will show the similar chemical reactions as calcium. Since these elements belong to the same group 2 and also have same number of valence electrons as calcium.

Question 10

Name the (i) metals (ii) metalloids and (iii) non-metals in the first twenty elements.

Answer

1. Metals — Lithium (Li), Beryllium (Be), Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Aluminium (Al), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca).

2. Metalloids — Boron (B), Silicon (Si).

3. Non-Metals — Hydrogen (H), Helium (He), Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), Fluorine (F), Neon (Ne), Phosphorus (P), Sulphur (S), Chlorine (Cl), Argon (Ar).

Question 11

Fluorine, Chlorine and Bromine are put in one group on the basis of their similar properties.

(i) What are those similar properties ?

(ii) What is the common name of this group or family ?

Answer

(i) Similar properties of Fluorine, Chlorine and Bromine are:

1. They have same number of valence electrons (7).

2. They have non-metallic character.

3. They all try to gain one electron to obtain stable electronic configuration.

4. They all have same valency, which is equal to 1.

(ii) Halogens is the common name of this group elements.

Question 12

What is the main characteristic of the last element in each period of the Periodic Table? What is the general name of such elements?

Answer

Main characteristics of the last element in each period of the Periodic Table are:

1. They have valency equal to zero.

2. They react under very special condition otherwise they don't react.

3. They have stable gas electronic configuration.

General name of such elements is Inert Gases.

Question 13

According to atomic structure, what determines which element will be the first and which will be the last in a period.

Answer

Number of valence electrons determines which element will be the first and which element will be the last in a period.

Question 14

How does the number of : (i) valence electrons and (ii) valency vary on moving from left to right in the third period of the periodic table ?

Answer

(i) The number of valence electron successively increases by one as we move from left to right in the third period.

(ii) Valency firstly increase from 1 to 4 from element sodium (Na) to silicon (Si) and then reduces to zero from element phosphorus (P) till chlorine (Cl) as we move from left to right in the third period.

Question 15

Name the type of elements, which have their

(i) outermost shell complete

(ii) outermost shell incomplete

(iii) two outermost shell incomplete

(iv) one electron short of octet

(v) two electrons in the outermost orbit.

Answer

(i) Inert Gas or Noble Gas Elements.

(ii) Representative Element.

(iii) Transition Element.

(iv) Halogens.

(v) Alkaline Earth Metals.

Question 16

An element has 2 electrons in its N shell.

(i) What is its atomic number ?

(ii) State its position in periodic table

(iii) Is it a metal or a non-metal ?

(iv) State the name assigned to this group.

(v) What is the valency of this element ?

Answer

(i) Atomic Number is 20.

(ii) It belongs to group 2 and fourth period.

(iii) It is a metal.

(iv) The name assigned to this group is IIA.

(v) Valency is 2.

Question 17

Answer the following in respect of element 1632S1632​S.

(i) Give its electronic configuration.

(ii) To which group and period does it belong ?

(iii) What is its valency ?

(iv) Is it a metal or a non-metal ?

(v) Is it a reducing agent or an oxidising agent ?

(vi) Give its formula with hydrogen.

Answer

Electronic configuration of S is : 2, 8, 6

(ii) 16th group and 3rd period.

(iii) Valency of S = 8-6 = 2.

(iv) Non-metal.

(v) It is an oxidising agent.

(vi) Formula with Hydrogen = H2S

Question 18

Name

(a) An alkali metal in period 3 and halogen in period 2.

(b) The noble gas with 3 shells.

(c) The non-metals present in period 2 and metals in period 3.

(d) The element of period 3 with valency 4.

(e) The element in period 3 which does not form oxide.

(f) The element of lower nuclear charge out of Be and Mg.

Answer

(a) Alkali metal in period 3 = Sodium

Halogen in period 2 = Fluorine

(b) Argon (Ar).

(c) Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), Fluorine (F), Neon (Ne) are non-metals in period 2.

Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg) and Aluminium (Al)are metals in period 3.

(d) Silicon (Si).

(e) Argon (Ar).

(f) Be will have lower nuclear charge then Mg.

Question 19

The electronic configuration of the element T is 2, 8, 8, 1.

(i) What is the group number of T ?

(ii) What is the period number of T ?

(iii) How many valence electrons are there in an atom of T ?

(iv) What is the valency of T ?

(v) Is it a metal or a non-metal ?

Answer

(i) Group Number of T is 1.

(ii) Period of T is 4.

(iii) Their is 1 valence electron present in atom T.

(iv) Valency of T is 1.

(v) It is a Metal.

Question 20

Match the atomic number 19, 15, 8, 4, and 2 with each of the following :

(i) A metal of valency one.

(ii) A solid non-metal of period 3.

(iii) A rare gas.

(iv) A gaseous element with valency 2.

(v) An element of group 2.

Answer

(i) A metal of valency one — Atomic number 19 (Potassium).

(ii) A solid non-metal of period 3 — Atomic number 15 (Phosphorus).

(iii) A rare gas — Atomic number 2 (Helium).

(iv) A gaseous element with valency 2 — Atomic number 8 (Oxygen).

(v) An element of group 2 — Atomic number 4 (Beryllium).

Intext Questions 2

Question 1

What do you understand by atomic size ? State its unit.

Answer

Atomic Size is the distance between the centre of the nucleus of an atom and its outermost shell.

Unit — Angstrom (Å) and Picometer (pm).

Question 2

Give the trends in atomic size on moving :

(i) Down the group,

(ii) Across the period left to right.

Answer

(i) On moving down the group the atomic size increases as the number of valence shell increases.

(ii) On moving across the period the size of an atom decreases from left to right. This is because the nuclear charge, i.e., the atomic number increases from left to right in the same period, thereby bringing the outermost shell closer to the nucleus.

Question 3

Arrange the elements of second and third period in increasing order of their atomic size (excluding noble gases).

Answer

Second Period — F < O < N < C < B < Be < Li.

Third Period — Cl < S < P < Si < Al < Mg < Na.

Question 4

Why is the size of (i) neon greater than fluorine ? (ii) sodium is greater than magnesium ?

Answer

(i) The size of neon is bigger compared to fluorine because the outer shell of neon have a complete octet. They have maximum number of electrons in their outermost orbit thus the electronic repulsions are maximum. So, the effect of nuclear pull over the valence shell electrons is not observed. Hence, the size of neon is greater then fluorine.

(ii) Magnesium is placed to the right of Sodium in period 3. As the atomic size decreases on moving from left to right across the period, hence, atomic size of Sodium is greater than Magnesium.

Question 5(i)

Which is greater in size ?

(a) An atom or a cation

(b) An atom or an anion

(c) Fe2+ or Fe3+

Answer

(a) An atom.

Reason — An atom is greater in size than a cation because cation is formed by the loss of electron(s), hence proton(s) are more than electron(s) in a cation. So electrons are strongly attracted by the nucleus and are pulled inward. Hence, the size decreases.

(b) An anion.

Reason — An anion is greater in size than atom because anion is formed by the gain of electron(s). Thus, the number of electron(s) are more than proton(s). The effective positive charge in the nucleus is less, so less inward pull is experienced. Hence, the size increases.

(c) Fe2+.

Reason — Fe2+ is greater in size than Fe3+ because Fe2+ has one more electron than Fe3+. So, nuclear pull is more in Fe3+ than Fe2+, thereby bringing the outermost shell closer to the nucleus. Hence, size decreases.

Question 5(ii)

Which has higher E.A., Fluorine or Neon.

Answer

Fluorine has higher electron affinity (E.A.) than Neon because Neon being an inert gas has zero electron affinity or positive values, due to their stable electronic configuration they find it difficult to accept electrons but Fluorine easily accepts an electron to gain stable gas electronic configuration.

Question 5(iii)

Which has maximum metallic character Na, Li or K.

Answer

Potassium (K) has the maximum metallic character as potassium belongs to the group 4 whereas sodium belongs to group 3 & lithium belongs to group 2, On moving down the group the metallic character increases. So, among Sodium (Na), Lithium (Li), and Potassium (K), Potassium (K) has the maximum metallic character.

Question 6

Arrange :

(i) Be, Li, C, B, N, O, F (in increasing metallic character).

(ii) Si, Na, Al, Mg, Cl, P, S (in decreasing non-metallic character).

Answer

(i) F < O < N < C < B < Be < Li .

(ii) Cl > S > P > Si > Al > Mg > Na.

Question 7

State the trend in chemical reactivity :

(i) Across the period left to right,

(ii) Down the group.

Answer

(i) On moving from left to right in a period the chemical reactivity of elements first decreases and then increases.

(ii) Chemical reactivity in metals increases on going down the group, but in non-metals decreases on going down the group.

Question 8

A metal M forms an oxide having the formula M2O3. It belongs to third period. Write the atomic number and valency of the metal.

Answer

The metal is Aluminium. ItsAtomic Number = 13,Valency = 3.

Valency of O is 2 so valency of M is 3. Therefore, M belongs to 13th group. It is given that M belongs to 3rd period, hence, it has atomic number 13.

Question 9

An element X belongs to 3rd period and 17th group, state

(i) No. of valence electrons in it.

(ii) Name of the element.

(iii) Name the family to which it belongs.

(iv) Write the formula of the compound formed when X reacts with 1327Y1327​Y.

Answer

(i) 7.

(ii) Chlorine (Cl).

(iii) Halogens Family.

(iv) XY3 [AlCl3 (Aluminium Chloride)].

Question 10

The given table shows elements with same number of electrons in its valence shell.

Elements	A	B	C
m.p.	63.0	180.0	97.0

State :

(i) Whether these elements belong to same group or period.

(ii) Arrange them in order of increasing metallic character.

Answer

(i) They belong to the same group as they have same number of electrons in their valence shell.

(ii) As m.p. decrease on going down the group, and metallic character increases on going down the group. Therefore,

B < C < A.

Question 11

Which one of the following has the largest atomic radius ?

1. Sodium

2. Potassium

3. Magnesium

4. Aluminium

Answer

Potassium.

Reason — Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg) and Aluminium (Al) belong to period 3 whereas Potassium (K) belongs to period 4. As atomic size increases on moving down the group hence, Potassium has the largest atomic radius of the given elements.

Question 12

Which one has the largest size?

1. Br

2. I

3. I-

4. Cl

Answer

I-Reason — Cl, Br and I belong to the same group (group 17) and between the three, I is the bottom most. As atomic size increases down the group hence, between Cl, Br and I, I has the largest atomic size. Between I and I-, atomic size of I- is larger as anion is larger than the parent atom. Hence, I- has the largest atomic size in the given elements.

Question 13

The metals of group 2 from top to bottom are Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba

(i) Which one of these elements will form ions most readily and why ?

(ii) State the common feature in their electronic configuration.

Answer

(i) Barium forms ions more readily due to large atomic size and low ionisation energy. Among the given elements Barium has the largest atomic size because as we move down the group atomic size increases. With increase in atomic size, the ionisation energy decreases.

(ii) The common feature in their electronic configuration are:

1. There are two electrons in their valence shell.

2. They lose two electrons to gain stable gas electronic configuration.

Question 14

Write the number of protons, neutrons and electronic configuration of 1939K1939​K , 1531P1531​P . Also state their position in the periodic table.

Answer

For 1939K1939​K:

No. of Protons = 19

No. of Neutrons = 39 - 19 = 20

Electronic Configuration = 2, 8, 8, 1

Position in periodic table = 4th period (as it has 4 shells) & 1st group (as it has one valence electron).

For 1531P1531​P:

No. of Protons = 15

No. of Neutrons = 31 - 15 = 16

Electronic Configuration = 2, 8, 5

Position in periodic table = 3rd period (as it has 3 shells) & 15th group (as it has five valence electrons).

Question 15

Name the element which has :

(i) Two shells, both of which are completely filled with electrons ?

(ii) The electronic configuration 2, 8, 3 ?

(iii) A total of three shells with five electrons in its valence shell ?

(iv) A total of four shells with two electrons in its valence shell ?

(v) Twice as many electrons in its second shell as in its first shell ?

Answer

(i) Neon (Ne)

(ii) Aluminium (Al)

(iii) Phosphorus (P)

(iv) Calcium (Ca)

(v) Carbon (C)

Question 16

An element Barium has atomic number 56. Look up its position in the Periodic Table and answer the following questions.

(i) Is it a metal or a non-metal ?

(ii) Is it more or less reactive than calcium ?

(iii) What is its valency ?

(iv) What will be the formula of its phosphate ?

(v) Is it larger or smaller than caesium (Cs) in size ?

Answer

(i) Metal.

(ii) Barium is more reactive than calcium.

(iii) Valency = 2.

(iv) Barium Phosphate Ba3(PO4)2.

(v) Barium is smaller in size then Caesium.

Question 17

In group I of the Periodic Table, three elements X, Y and Z have ionic radii 1.33 Å, 0.95 Å and 0.60 Å respectively. Giving a reason, arrange them in the order of increasing atomic numbers in the group.

Answer

Z < Y < X.

Atomic size increases as we move down the group and also the atomic no. increases on moving down the group.

Question 18

Explain why are the following statements not correct:

(i) All groups contain metals and non-metals.

(ii) Atoms of elements in the same group have the same number of electron(s).

(iii) Non-metallic character decreases across a period with increase in atomic number.

(iv) Reactivity increases with atomic number in a group as well as in a period.

Answer

(i) Incorrect — A few groups contain metalloids and inert gases also.

(ii) Incorrect — as we move down the group the number of electrons increases.

(iii) Incorrect — Non-metallic character increases across a period with increase in atomic number.

(iv) Incorrect — Chemical reactivity in metals increases on going down the group, but in non-metals decreases on going down the group.

Question 19(i)

State the number of elements in Period 1, Period 2, and Period 3 of the periodic table. Name them.

Answer

No. of elements in:

Period 1 = 2

Hydrogen (H) , Helium (He).

Period 2 = 8

Lithium (Li), Beryllium (Be), Boron (B), Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), Fluorine (F), Neon(Ne).

Period 3 = 8

Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Aluminium (Al), Silicon (Si), Phosphorus (P), Sulphur (S), Chlorine (Cl), Argon (Ar).

Question 19(ii)

What is the common feature of the electronic configuration of the elements at the end of Period 2 and Period 3 ?

Answer

Common feature of the electronic configuration of the elements at the end of Period 2 and Period 3 are:

1. They have complete octet (8 electrons in valence shell).

2. They are stable so they don't react.

Question 19(iii)

If an element is in Group 17, it is likely to be ............... [metallic/non-metallic] in character, while with one electron in its outermost energy level (shell), then it is likely to be ............... [metallic/non-metallic].

Answer

Non-metallic , metallic.

Question 19(iv)

In Period 3, the most metallic element is ............... (sodium/magnesium/aluminium).

Answer

Sodium (Na).

Question 20

Complete the following sentences choosing the correct word or words from those given in brackets at the end of each sentence:

(i) The properties of the elements are a periodic function of their ............... (atomic number, mass number, relative atomic mass).

(ii) Moving across a ............... of the Periodic Table the elements show increasing ............... character (group, period, metallic, non-metallic).

(iii) The elements at the bottom of a group would be expected to show ............... metallic character than the element at the top (less, more).

(iv) The similarities in the properties of a group of elements are because they have the same ............... (electronic configuration, number of outer electrons, atomic numbers)

Answer

(i) Atomic Number.

(ii) Period, Non-metallic.

(iii) More.

(iv) Number of outer electrons.

Question 21

Give reasons for the following:

(i) The size of a Cl- ion is greater than the size of a Cl atom.

(ii) Argon atom is bigger than chlorine atom.

(iii) Ionisation potential of the element increases across a period.

(iv) Inert gases do not form ion.

Answer

(i) Cl- has one more electron then Cl atom. Anion is formed by the gain of electron(s). Thus, the number of electron(s) are more than proton(s). The effective positive charge in the nucleus is less, so less inward pull is experienced. Hence, the size increases.

(ii) Argon is an inert gas and its outermost shell is complete. They have maximum number of electrons in their outermost orbit. Thus, the electronic repulsions are maximum. The effect of nuclear pull over the valence electrons is not seen. Hence, the size of the argon is greater then chlorine.

(iii) Ionisation potential of the element increases across a period as we move from left to right, the atomic size decreases due to an increase in the nuclear charge and thus more energy is required to remove the electron(s), hence, Ionisation potential increases.

(iv) Inert gases do not form ion due to their stable electronic configuration, inert gases find it difficult to accept or lose electrons hence they do not form ion.

Intext Questions 3

Question 1(a)

Define the term 'ionisation potential'.

Answer

The energy required to remove an electron from a neutral isolated gaseous atom and convert it into a positively charged gaseous ion is called Ionisation Potential (I.P.) or Ionisation Energy (I.E.).

Question 1(b)

Represent it in the form of an equation. In which unit it is measured ?

Answer

M (g) + I.E. ⟶ M+ (g) + e-

where, M is any element

Unit : electronvolts per atom (eV/atom)

SI Unit : kilojoule per mole (kJ/mole).

Question 2

Ionisation Potential values depends on (a) atomic size (b) nuclear pull. Explain.

Answer

(a) The greater the atomic size the lesser the force of attraction. Since the electrons of the outermost shell lie further away from the nucleus, it makes their removal easier. Thus, Ionisation Potential decreases with increase in atomic size.

(b) The greater the nuclear charge, greater is the attraction for the electrons of the outermost shell. Therefore, the electrons in the outermost shell are more firmly held because of which greater energy is required to remove the electron(s). Thus, Ionisation Potential increases with increase in nuclear pull.

Question 3

State the trends in ionisatioin energy:

(a) across the period,

(b) down the group.

Answer

(a) On moving left to right across a period, the ionisation energy tends to increase as the atomic size decreases.

(b) On moving down a group the ionisation energy decrease as the atomic size increases.

Question 4

Name the elements with highest and lowest ionisation energies in first three periods.

Answer

Helium has the highest I.E. and Sodium has the lowest I.E. in the first three period.

Question 5(a)

Arrange the elements of second and third period in increasing order of their ionisation energy.

Answer

Second Period : Li < Be < B < C < N < O < F < Ne.

Third Period : Na < Mg < Al < Si < P < S < Cl < Ar.

Question 5(b)

The element with the highest ionisation potential is:

A. HydrogenB. CaesiumC. RadonD. Helium

Answer

Helium

Reason — Helium has highest ionization potential because Ionization Potential increases from left to right across a period and decreases down a group.

Question 6(a)

Define the term 'electron affinity'. State its unit.

Answer

Electron affinity — The amount of energy released while converting a neutral gaseous isolated atom into a negatively charged gaseous ion (anion) by the addition of electron is called Electron Affinity (E.A.)

Unit : electron volts per atom (eV/atom) or kJ mol-1. It is represented by negative sign.

Question 6(b)

Arrange the elements of second period in increasing order of their electron affinity. Name the elements which do not follow the trend in this period.

Answer

Second Period : Li < B < C < O < F .

Ne , N , Be do not follow the trend.

Question 7

Electron affinity values generally ......... across the period left to right and .......... down the group top to bottom.

Answer

Increases , Decreases.

Question 8(a)

Define the term 'Electronegativity'. State its unit.

Answer

Electronegativity — The tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract the shared pair of electrons towards itself is called its electronegativity.

Electronegativity is a dimensionless property since it is only a tendency. As such, it has no unit.

Question 8(b)

Among the elements given below, the element with least Electronegativity is:

1. Lithium

2. Boron

3. Carbon

4. Fluorine

Answer

Lithium.

Reason — The given elements belong to period 2. Among these elements, Lithium is the left most and Fluorine is the right most. As electronegativity increases from left to right in a period, hence, Lithium is the least Electronegative.

Question 8(c)

The most electronegative element from the following element is:

1. Magnesium

2. Chlorine

3. Aluminium

4. Sulphur

Answer

Chlorine.

Reason — The given elements belong to period 3. Among these elements, Chlorine is the right most. As electronegativity increases from left to right in a period, hence, Chlorine is the most Electronegative.

Question 9

Explain the following:

(a) Group 17 elements are strong non-metals, while group 1 elements are strong metals.

(b) Metallic character of elements decreases from left to right in a period while it increases in moving down a group.

(c) Halogens have a high electron affinity.

(d) The reducing power of an element increases down in the group while decreases in a period.

(e) Size of atoms progressively becomes smaller when we move from Sodium (Na) to Chlorine (Cl) in the third period of the Periodic Table.

Answer

(a) Metals lose electrons whereas non-metals gain electrons to attain stable electronic configuration. Group 1 elements are placed on the left in the periodic table whereas Group 17 elements are towards right. Hence, the atomic size of Group 1 elements is greater when compared to the corresponding Group 17 elements as atomic size decreases from left to right across a period due to increase in nuclear charge. Due to this Group 1 elements can easily lose electrons making them strong metals. It is difficult for Group 17 elements to lose electrons due to stronger nuclear pull but it helps in attracting electrons from other elements making them strong non-metals.

(b) On moving across a period from left to right, nuclear pull increases due to the increase in atomic number and thus the atomic size decreases. Hence, elements cannot lose electrons easily. Therefore, the metallic character decreases across a period.On moving down the group, the atomic size increases and the nuclear charge also increases. The effect of an increased atomic size is greater as compared to the increased nuclear charge. Therefore, tendency to lose electron increases and elements can lose electrons easily. Thus, metallic character of elements increases in moving down a group.

(c) The atomic size of halogens is very small. The smaller the atomic size, the greater the electron affinity, because the effective attractive force between the nucleus and the valence electrons is greater in smaller atoms, and so the electrons are strongly held with the atom.

(d) Greater the tendency to lose electrons, stronger is the reducing power. On moving down the group, the atomic size and nuclear charge increases but the effect of increased atomic size is greater. Therefore, the tendency to lose electrons increases which increases the reducing power of elements on moving down in a group.On moving across the period, nuclear pull increases due to increase in atomic number and thus the atomic size decreases. Hence, elements cannot lose electrons easily. Therefore, reducing power of elements decreases on moving across a period from left to right.

(e) Size of atoms progressively becomes smaller when we move from Sodium (Na) to Chlorine (Cl) in the third period of the periodic table because on moving from left to right in a period nuclear pull increases because of increase in atomic number and so the atomic size decreases.

Question 10

Name the periodic property which relates to the:

(a) amount of energy required to remove an electron from an isolated gaseous atom,

(b) character of element which loses one or more electrons when supplied with energy,

(c) tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract the shared pair of electrons.

Answer

(a) Ionisation Energy (I.E.)

(b) Metallic Character.

(c) Electronegativity.

Question 11

This question refers to the elements of the Periodic Table with atomic numbers from 3 to 18. Some of the elements are shown by letters, but the letters are not the usual symbols of the elements.

3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H
11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18
I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P

Which of these :

(a) are most electronegative element ?

(b) is a halogen ?

(c) is an alkali metal ?

(d) is an element with valency 4 ?

(e) have least Ionisation Energy.

(f) have least atomic size in period 3.

Answer

(a) The most electronegative elements are G(9) & O(17).

(b) G(9) & O(17) are halogens.

(c) A(3) & I(11) are alkali metals.

(d) D(6) & L(14) are elements with valency 4.

(e) I(11) have least Ionisation Energy.

(f) O(17) have least atomic size in period 3.

Question 12

A group of elements in the Periodic Table are given below (boron is the first member of the group and Thallium is the last).

Boron, Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, Thallium

Answer the following questions in relation to the above group of elements :

(a) Which element has the most metallic character ?

(b) Which element would be expected to have the highest electronegativity ?

(c) If the electronic configuration of aluminium is 2, 8, 3, how many electrons are there in the outer shell of thallium ?

(d) The atomic number of boron is 5. Write the chemical formula of the compound formed when boron reacts with chlorine.

(e) Will the elements in the group to the right of this boron group be more metallic or less metallic in character ? Justify your answer.

Answer

(a) Thallium has the most metallic character as metallic character increases on moving down the group.

(b) Boron has the highest electronegativity because the electronegativity decrease on moving down the group.

(c) There are 3 electrons in the outer shell of thallium because all the elements in a group have same number of valence electrons.

(d) BCl3 (Boron Chloride).Boron needs 3 electrons while each chlorine atom can donate one electron. So 3 chlorine atoms donate 1 electron each to react with 1 Boron atom forming BCl3 (Boron Chloride).

(e) The elements in the group to the right of this boron group are less metallic because on moving left to right in a period metallic character decreases as atomic size decreases the electrons are strongly bound with the atom so it becomes more difficult to lose an electron.

Exercise 1 — Multiple Choice Type

Question 1

In the periodic table, alkali metals are placed in the group:

1. 1

2. 11

3. 17

4. 18

Answer

1

Reason — The elements placed in group 1 of the periodic table are known as alkali metals (except hydrogen) as they form strong alkalis with water.

Question 2

Which of the following properties does not match with the elements of the halogen family ?

1. They have seven electrons in their valence shell.

2. They are highly reactive chemically.

3. They are metallic in nature.

4. They are diatomic in their molecular form.

Answer

They are metallic in nature.

Reason — Halogens are non-metallic in nature.

Question 3

With reference to the variation of properties in the Periodic Table, which of the following is generally true?

1. Atomic size increases from left to right across a period.

2. Ionization potential increases from left to right across a period.

3. Electron affinity increases going down a group.

4. Electronegativity increases going down a group.

Answer

Ionization potential increases from left to right across a period.

Reason — On moving from left to right across a period, the atomic size decreases due to increase in the nuclear charge, and thus, more energy is required to remove the electrons. Hence, ionization potential increases from left to right across a period.

Question 4

An element in period 3 whose electron affinity is zero is :

1. Neon

2. Sulphur

3. Sodium

4. Argon

Answer

Argon

Reason — Argon is the noble gas in period 3 having an electron affinity of zero.

Question 5

The number of electrons in the valence shell of a halogen is :

1. 1

2. 3

3. 5

4. 7

Answer

7

Reason — Halogens have 7 valence electrons.

Question 6

Among period 2 elements, the element which has highest electron affinity is :

1. Lithium

2. Carbon

3. Chlorine

4. Fluorine

Answer

Fluorine

Reason — Electron affinity increases from left to right in a period. Out of the given options, Lithium, Carbon and Fluorine are period 2 elements in that order. Hence, Fluorine has the highest electron affinity among period 2 elements.

Question 7

Ionisation potential increases over a period from left to right because :

1. Atomic radius and nuclear charge increase

2. Atomic radius and nuclear charge decrease

3. Atomic radius increases and nuclear charge decreases

4. Atomic radius decreases and nuclear charge increases

Answer

Atomic radius decreases and nuclear charge increases

Reason — On moving from left to right across a period, the atomic radius decreases due to increase in the nuclear charge, and thus, more energy is required to remove the electrons. Hence, ionization potential increases from left to right across a period.

Question 8

An element A belonging to period 3 and group II will have :

1. 3 shells and 2 valence electrons

2. 2 shells and 3 valence electrons

3. 3 shells and 3 valence electrons

4. 2 shells and 2 valence electrons

Answer

3 shells and 2 valence electrons

Reason — The number of shells present in an atom determines its period and valence electrons determine its group.

Question 9

Among the elements given below, the element with the least electronegativity is :

1. Lithium

2. Carbon

3. Boron

4. Fluorine

Answer

Lithium

Reason — Lithium, Boron, Carbon, Fluorine is the order of given elements from left to right in period 2. As electronegativity increases from left to right in a period, hence, Lithium has the least electronegativity in the given elements.

Question 10

An element with atomic number 19 will most likely combine chemically with the elements whose atomic number is :

1. 17

2. 11

3. 28

4. 20

Answer

17

Reason — Element with atomic number 19 has an electronic configuration of 2, 8, 8, 1. It is a metal with one valence electron. Element with atomic number 17 has an electronic configuration of 2, 8, 7. It is a non-metal. Hence, element with atomic number 19 will donate its one valence electron to element with atomic number 17. Both will achieve stable octet. Hence, these two elements are most likely to combine chemically.

Question 11

Parts (i) to (v) refer to changes in the properties of elements on moving from left to right across a period of the Periodic Table. For each property, choose the correct answer.

(i) The non-metallic character of the elements :

1. decreases,

2. increases,

3. remains the same,

4. depends on the period

(ii) The electronegativity :

1. depends on the number of valence electrons,

2. remains the same,

3. decreases,

4. increases

(iii) The ionization potential :

1. goes up and down

2. decreases

3. increases

4. remains the same

(iv) The atomic size :

1. decreases,

2. increases,

3. remains the same,

4. sometimes increases and sometimes decreases

(v) The electron affinity of the elements in groups 1 to 7 :

1. goes up and then down.

2. decreases and then increases,

3. increases,

4. decreases

Answer

(i) increases.Reason — On moving across a period from left to right, nuclear pull increases due to increase in atomic number and thus atomic size decreases. Hence, elements cannot lose electrons easily. Therefore, non-metallic character increases.

(ii) increases.Reason — On moving across a period from left to right, nuclear charge increases due to an increase in atomic number. Hence, electronegativity increases from left to right in a period.

(iii) increases.Reason — On moving from left to right across a period, the atomic radius decreases due to increase in the nuclear charge, and thus, more energy is required to remove the electrons. Hence, ionization potential increases from left to right across a period.

(iv) decreases.Reason — On moving across a period from left to right, nuclear pull increases due to increase in atomic number and thus atomic size decreases.

(v) increases.Reason — On moving across a period from left to right (i.e., moving from group 1 to 7), atomic size decreases and the nuclear charge increases so the electron affinity increases.

Question 12

In the periodic table while going down in the halogen group :

1. reactivity will increase

2. electronegativity will increase

3. ionic radius will increase

4. ionisation potential will increase

Answer

ionic radius will increase

Reason — On going down in the halogen group, number of shells increases, hence, ionic radius also increases. Reactivity, electronegativity and ionisation potential decreases while going down in the halogen group.

Question 13

Electron affinity is the :

1. Power of an atom to attract an electron to itself.

2. Energy released when an electron is added to an isolated atom in the gaseous state.

3. Energy absorbed when an electron is added to an isolated atom in the gaseous state.

4. Energy required to remove an electron from an isolated gaseous atom.

Answer

Energy released when an electron is added to an isolated atom in the gaseous state.

Reason — The amount of energy released while converting a neutral gaseous isolated atom into a negatively charged gaseous ion (anion) by the addition of electron is called Electron Affinity (E.A.).

Question 14

Which of these statements gives the correct picture regarding halogens and alkali metals with respect to an increase in the atomic number ?

1. Reactivity decreases in alkali metals but increases in halogens.

2. Reactivity increases in both.

3. Reactivity decreases in both.

4. Reactivity increases in alkali metals but decreases in halogens.

Answer

Reactivity increases in alkali metals but decreases in halogens.

Reason — Atomic number increases while going down the group in alkali metals and halogens. The tendency of losing electrons increases down the group. Reactivity of metals depends on tendency to lose electrons, thus reactivity of alkali metals increases while going down the group. Reactivity of non-metals depends on tendency to gain electrons, thus reactivity of halogens decreases while going down the group.

Question 15

The correct order of increasing ionisation energy of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr is :

1. Be, Mg, Ca, Sr

2. Ca, Mg, Be, Sr

3. Sr, Ca, Mg, Be

4. Mg, Ca, Sr, Be

Answer

Sr, Ca, Mg, Be

Reason — Ionisation energy decreases on moving down the group.

Exercise 1 — Very Short Answer Type

Question 1

Fill in the blanks by selecting the correct word from the brackets :

(a) The element below sodium in the same group would be expected to have a ............... (lower/higher) electro-negativity than sodium and the element above chlorine would be expected to have a (lower/higher) ionization potential than chlorine.

(b) On moving from left to right in a given period, the number of shells ............... (remains the same/ increases decreases).

(c) On moving down a group, the number of valence electrons ............... (remains the same/increases/ decreases).

(d) Metals are good ............... (oxidising agent/ reducing agent) because they are electron ............... (acceptors/donors).

(e) Across a period, the ionization potential ............... [increases, decreases, remains same]

(f) Down the group, electron affinity ............... [increases, decreases, remains same].

(g) Electronegativity across the period ............... [increases/ decreases].

(h) Non-metallic character down the group ............... [increases/ decreases].

(i) In a period, increase in electron affinity increases ............... (oxidation/reduction).

(j) On descending a group, ............... (increase/decrease) in ionisation potential as well as electron affinity ............... (increases/decreases) oxidising capacity.

(k) Metals are good ............... (oxidising/reducing agent) because they are electron ............... (acceptor/donor).

(l) If an element has a low ionization energy then it is likely to be ............... (metallic/non metallic).

(m) If an element has seven electrons in its outermost shell then it is likely to have the ............... (largest/smallest) atomic size among all the elements in the same period.

Answer

(a) The element below sodium in the same group would be expected to have a lower (lower/higher) electro-negativity than sodium and the element above chlorine would be expected to have a higher (lower/higher) ionization potential than chlorine.

(b) On moving from left to right in a given period, the number of shells remains the same (remains the same/ increases decreases).

(c) On moving down a group, the number of valence electrons remains the same (remains the same/increases/ decreases).

(d) Metals are good reducing agent (oxidising agent/ reducing agent) because they are electron donors (acceptors/donors).

(e) Across a period, the ionization potential increases [increases, decreases, remains same]

(f) Down the group, electron affinity decreases [increases, decreases, remains same].

(g) Electronegativity across the period increases [increases/ decreases].

(h) Non-metallic character down the group decreases [increases/ decreases].

(i) In a period, increase in electron affinity increases reduction (oxidation/reduction).

(j) On descending a group, decrease (increase/decrease) in ionisation potential as well as electron affinity decreases (increases/decreases) oxidising capacity.

(k) Metals are good reducing agent (oxidising/reducing agent) because they are electron donor (acceptor/donor).

(l) If an element has a low ionization energy then it is likely to be metallic (metallic/non metallic).

(m) If an element has seven electrons in its outermost shell then it is likely to have the smallest (largest/smallest) atomic size among all the elements in the same period.

Question 2

Rewrite the following sentences by using the correct symbol > (greater than) or < (less than) in the blanks given :

(i) The ionization potential of potassium is .......... that of sodium.

(ii) The electronegativity of iodine is .......... that of chlorine.

Answer

(i) The ionization potential of potassium is < (less than) that of Sodium.

(ii) The electronegativity of iodine is < (less than) that of chlorine.

Question 3

In Period 3 of the Periodic Table, element B is placed to the left of element A. On the basis of this information, choose the correct word from the brackets to complete the following statements:

(i) The element B would have (lower/higher) metallic character than A.

(ii) The element A would probably have (lesser/higher) electron affinity than B.

(iii) The element A would have (greater/smaller) atomic size than B.

Answer

If the element are placed as B and then A in the 3rd period of the periodic table then

(i) The element B would have higher metallic character than A as metallic character decreases across a period.

(ii) The element A would probably have higher electron affinity than B as electron affinity increases across a period.

(iii) The element A would have smaller atomic size than B as atomic size decreases across a period.

Question 4

There are three elements E, F and G with atomic numbers 19, 8 and 17, respectively.

Classify the elements as metals and non-metals.

Answer

The electronic configuration of the given elements is as follows :

E = 19 = 2, 8, 8, 1

F = 8 = 2, 6

G = 17 = 2, 8, 7

We observe that E has 1 electron in the outer most shell, hence it will try to lose it's electron and attain a stable state. Therefore, it is a metal.

On the other hand, F and G will try to gain 2 and 1 electron respectively in order to attain a stable state. Hence, they are non-metals.

Question 5

Arrange the following as per instructions given in the brackets.

(a) Mg, Cl, Na, S, Si (decreasing order of atomic size)

(b) Cs, Na, Li, K, Rb (increasing metallic character)

(c) Na, K, Cl, S, Si (increasing ionisation potential)

(d) Cl, F, Br, I (increasing electron affinity)

(e) Cs, Na, Li, K, Rb (decreasing electronegativity)

(f) K, Pb, Ca, Zn (increasing reactivity)

(g) Li, K, Na, H (decreasing order of their potential ionisation)

Answer

(a) Na > Mg > Si > S > Cl.

(b) Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs.

(c) K < Na < Si < S < Cl.

(d) I < Br < F* < Cl.Flourine (F) in group 17 is an exception. It has lower electron affinity than Chlorine (Cl).

(e) Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs.

(f) Pb < Zn < Ca < K.

(g) H > Li > Na > K.

Question 6

The electronegativities (according to Pauling) of the elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table are as follows with the elements arranged in alphabetical order :

Al	Cl	Mg	Na	P	S	Si
1.5	3.0	1.2	0.9	2.1	2.5	1.8

Arrange the elements in the order in which they occur in the Periodic Table from left to right.

(The group 1 element first, followed by the group 2 element and so on, up to group 7).

Answer

We know that electronegativity increases from left to right in a period. Hence, the order of the elements in the periodic table is:

Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl.

Question 7

Name : A metal present in period 3, group 1 of the periodic table.

Answer

Sodium is a metal present in period 3 and group 1 of the periodic table.

Question 8

Give one word or a phrase for : Amount of energy released when an atom in the gaseous state accepts an electron to form an anion.

Answer

Electron affinity is the amount of energy released when an atom in the gaseous state accepts an electron to form an anion.

Question 9

The formula of an ion of an element A is A2+. Element A probably belongs to which group?

Answer

2nd Group.Reason — Since A loses 2 electrons to form an anion, A2+ so its valency is 2. Hence, it belongs to the 2nd group.

Question 10

State the group and period of the element having three shells with three electrons in the valence shell.

Answer

The element having three shells with three electrons in the valence shell is in group 13 [III A] and period 3.

Exercise 1 — Short Answer Type

Question 1

What is the significance of atomic number in the modern periodic table ?

Answer

Modern periodic table is based on Henry Moseley's modern periodic law which states that "the physical and chemical properties of elements are the periodic functions of their atomic number".

Question 2

Arrange the following in order of :

(i) increasing radii.

(a) Cl-, Cl(b) Mg2+, Mg, Mg+(c) N, O, P

(ii) increasing ionisation energy.

(a) P, Na, Cl(b) F, O, Ne(c) Ne, He, Ar

Explain your choice.

Answer

(i) In order of increasing radii:

(a) Cl < Cl-.Reason — Anion is greater in size than its parent atom.

(b) Mg2+ < Mg+ < Mg.Reason — Cation is smaller in size than its parent atom.

(c) O < N < P.Reason — Between Oxygen (O) and Nitrogen (N), atomic size of Nitrogen (N) is more as it is to the left of Oxygen (O) in period 2. Between Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P), Phosphorus (P) has larger atomic size as it comes after Nitrogen (N) in group 5A.

(ii) In order of increasing ionisation energy:

(a) Na < P < ClReason — Ionisation energy increases when moving across a period from left to right.

(b) O < F < NeReason — Ionisation energy increases when moving across a period from left to right.

(c) Ar < Ne < HeReason — Ionisation energy decreases when moving down the group.

Question 3

Atomic numbers of elements A, B, C, D, E, F, are 8, 7, 11, 12, 13 and 9 respectively. State the type of ions they form.

Answer

The electronic configuration of the given elements are:

A(8) = (2, 6 ) — A forms anion.

B(7) = (2, 5 ) — B forms anion.

C(11) = (2, 8, 1) — C forms cation.

D(12) = (2, 8, 2) — D forms cation.

E(13) = (2, 8, 3) — E forms cation.

F(9) = (2, 7 ) — F forms anion.

Question 4

Give reasons for the following assertions :

(a) The oxidising power of elements increases from left to right along a period.

(b) Ionisation potential of elements increases across a period from left to right.

(c) Alkali metals are good reducing agents.

Answer

(a) The oxidising power of elements increases from left to right along a period because electro-negativity and the non metallic character increases from left to right. As oxidising power depends on tendency to gain electrons and non-metals are good oxidising agents hence oxidising power of elements increases across a period.

(b) The ionisation potential of element increases across a period because the atomic size decreases due to an increase in nuclear charge and electrons in the outermost shell are more strongly held because of which greater energy is required to remove the electron.

(c) Alkali metals have one electron in their valence shell. In order to be stable, they easily lose this electron and get oxidised. Hence, they are good reducing agents.

Exercise 1 — Long Answer Type

Question 1

Chlorine in the Periodic Table is surrounded by the elements with atomic number 9, 16, 18, and 35.

(a) Which of these have Physical and Chemical properties resembling chlorine ?

(b) Which is more electronegative than chlorine ?

Answer

(a) The elements with atomic number 9 (fluorine) & 35 (bromine) have physical properties resembling chlorine because they belong to the same group.

(b) The element with atomic number 9 (fluorine) is more electronegative than chlorine because on moving down the group electronegativity decreases.

Question 2

First ionisation enthalpy of two elements X and Y are 500 kJ mol-1 and 375 kJ mol-1 respectively. Comment about their relative position in a group as well as in a period.

Answer

It is given that,

X = 500 kJ mol-1

Y = 375 kJ mol-1

Their relative position in a group is X & Y as ionisation enthalpy decreases on moving down the group.

Their relative position in a period is Y & X as ionisation enthalpy increases on moving across a period.

Question 3

The elements of one short period of the Periodic Table are given below in order from left to right :

Li Be B C O F Ne

(a) To which period do these elements belong ?

(b) One element of this period is missing. Which is the missing element and where should it be placed ?

(c) Place the three elements fluorine, beryllium and nitrogen in the order of increasing electronegativity.

(d) Which one of the above elements belongs to the halogen series ?

Answer

(a) These elements belong to the 2nd period.

(b) The missing element is Nitrogen. It belongs to the Group 15 and should be placed as shown below:    Li Be B C N O F

(c) Beryllium < Nitrogen < Fluorine.

(d) Fluorine.

Question 4

The atomic number of an element Z is 16. State

(a) the period to which it belongs.

(b) the number of valence electron(s) in the element.

(c) whether the element is a metal or a non-metal.

(d) State the formula of the compound between Z and hydrogen.

Answer

(a) The element belongs to 3rd period.Reason — The element Z has atomic number 16 and so the electronic configuration will be 2, 8, 6. The number of shells present in an atom determines it's period. Hence, Z will belong to 3rd period as it has three shells.

(b) 6 [∵ electronic configuration is 2, 8, 6]

(c) Z is a non metal.

(d) H2Z

Question 5

In the activity series of metals — M is a metal above hydrogen in the activity series and it's oxide has the formula M2O. M2O when dissolved in water forms the corresponding hydroxide which is a good conductor of electricity. In the above context, answer the following :

(i) What kind of combination exists between M and O?

(ii) State the number of electrons in the outermost shell of M ?

(iii) Name the group to which M belongs.

Answer

Given, M is a metal

(i) Electrovalent bond exits between M and O because the bond is formed between a metal and non-metal due to oppositely charged ions.

(ii) Number of electrons in the outer most shell of M is 1. It is so because the valency of O is -2 and as 2 atoms of M combine with O to form M2O, hence we can say that M has 1 valence electron.

(iii) M belongs to group 1 [1A] because there is 1 electron in the outer most shell.

Question 6

The metals of Group 2 in the periodic table from top to bottom are — Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba.

(i) Which one of these elements will form ions most readily and why?

(ii) State the common feature in the electronic configuration of all these given elements.

Answer

(i) Ba - Elements at the bottom of a group are most metallic, have large atomic size and lowest ionisation potential. So, the outer electrons are loosely held and will form ions from metals most readily and thus are more reactive.

(ii) As the elements belong to group 2 thus they all have 2 electrons in the valence shell.

Question 7

Study the extract of the Periodic Table given below and answer the questions. Give the alphabet corresponding to the element in question. Do not repeat an element.

A
			C		D	E
	B						G	F

(i) Which element forms electrovalent compound with G.

(ii) The ion of which element will migrate towards the cathode during electrolysis.

(iii) Which non-metallic element has the valency of 2?

(iv) Which is an inert gas?

Answer

(i) B forms an electrovalent compound with G.

(ii) A has positive ions which migrate towards cathode.

(iii) E is non-metallic and has a valency of 2 as it belongs to group 16.

(iv) F is an inert gas as it belongs to the zero group.

Question 8

In the table below, H does not represent hydrogen. Some elements are given in their own symbol and position in the periodic table while others are shown with a letter.

1A 1	IIA 2	IIIA 13	IVA 14	VA 15	VIA 16	VIIA 17	O 18
Li		D			O	J	Ne
A	Mg	E	Si		H	K
B	C		F	G			L

Answer the following questions.

1. Identify the most electronegative element.

2. Identify the most reactive element of group IA or 1.

3. Identify the element from period 3 with the smallest atomic size.

4. Identify the element with the highest ionization potential.

5. How many valence electrons are present in G ?

6. Which element from group 2 will have the least ionization energy ?

7. Identify the noble gas of the fourth period.

8. In the compound between A and H, what type of bond is formed ? Give its molecular formula.

9. Draw the electron dot structure for the compound formed between C and K.

Answer

1. J is the most electronegative element.

2. B is the most reactive element of group IA or 1.

3. K is the element from period 3 with smallest atomic size.

4. Ne the highest ionization potential.

5. 5 valence electrons present in G.

6. C is the element from group 2 which has least ionization energy.

7. L is the noble gas of the fourth period.

8. ionic bond is formed between A and H.The molecular formula is :2A + H ⟶ A2H

9. Electron dot structure for the compound formed between C and K is shown below:

How Are Chemical Formulas Deciphered in the World of Science?

Chemical formulas are the fundamental language of chemistry. They provide a clear and concise way to represent the compositions of substances, allowing scientists to share complex ideas in a straightforward manner. Grasping how to read and interpret these formulas is essential for anyone stepping into the world of science. This blog post will guide you through the intricacies of understanding chemical formulas, highlighting their significance, structure, and practical applications in various scientific disciplines.

What is a Chemical Formula?

At its essence, a chemical formula is a symbolic representation of a chemical compound that shows the elements involved and the number of atoms of each element in the molecule. For example, the formula for water is H₂O, which means each molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

Chemical formulas can be divided into several types, including empirical formulas, molecular formulas, and structural formulas, each serving a distinct purpose in chemistry.

Types of Chemical Formulas

Empirical Formulas

Empirical formulas reflect the simplest whole-number ratio of the elements in a compound. For example, the empirical formula for glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) is CH₂O, indicating that the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1. This formula gives a basic overview of the compound's elemental composition but does not reveal the actual quantity of atoms present.

Molecular Formulas

Molecular formulas provide the actual number of atoms of each element in a compound. Taking glucose again as an example, its molecular formula is C₆H₁₂O₆, showing that one molecule of glucose contains six carbon, twelve hydrogen, and six oxygen atoms. This level of detail is especially useful in biochemistry and nutrition, where knowing exact quantities can significantly affect health outcomes. For instance, one glucose molecule can provide approximately 4 kilocalories of energy.

Structural Formulas

Structural formulas illustrate the arrangement and bonding of atoms within a molecule. They can be depicted in various ways, such as Lewis structures, which show lone pairs and bond types, or condensed structural formulas, which offer a simplified view. Understanding these structures is crucial for predicting molecular behaviors and the outcomes of chemical reactions. For example, the different structural representations of isomers like butane (C₄H₁₀) can lead to vastly different properties, affecting everything from fuel efficiency to toxicity.

The chemical structure of glucose, depicting its molecular arrangement.

The Importance of Chemical Formulas

Chemical formulas are essential in various fields, including pharmaceuticals, environmental science, and materials science. By interpreting these formulas, scientists can predict how substances will interact, which can lead to significant advancements across multiple domains.

Pharmaceuticals

In the pharmaceutical industry, a strong understanding of chemical formulas is vital for drug development. Scientists examine molecular structures to assess potential therapeutic effects and safety profiles. For instance, researchers developed the pain reliever ibuprofen, which has the chemical formula C₁₃H₁₈O₂. By modifying functional groups within the formula, scientists can create variants with improved effectiveness and fewer side effects, demonstrating the practical importance of chemical knowledge.

Environmental Science

Environmental scientists analyze chemical formulas to understand pollution and its effects on ecosystems. For instance, the formula for carbon dioxide (CO₂) is critical in studying climate change. Scientists found that each year, approximately 36.44 billion metric tons of CO₂ are emitted globally. By understanding CO₂'s behavior and interactions, scientists can develop effective strategies for reducing its impact on the environment.

Materials Science

Chemical formulas also serve as the foundation in materials science. Engineers and chemists explore the properties and interactions of various materials to create innovative solutions in construction, electronics, and other industries. For example, knowing the molecular composition of certain polymers can inform choices in creating more durable materials for everyday products, thus improving performance and reducing waste.

How to Read Chemical Formulas

Understanding how to read chemical formulas involves familiarizing yourself with symbols, subscripts, and coefficients. Here are some key points to consider:

1. Element Symbols: Each chemical element is represented by one or two letters, with the first letter capitalized (e.g., H for hydrogen, O for oxygen).

   
   

2. Subscripts: Subscripts show the number of atoms present for each element in the formula. If a subscript is not present, it means there is one atom of that element (e.g., H₂O indicates two hydrogen atoms).

   
   

3. Coefficients: Coefficients are placed in front of the entire formula to signify how many molecules exist. For example, in the reaction 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O, two molecules of water are produced from two molecules of hydrogen and one molecule of oxygen.

   
   

Practice Makes Perfect

To master the art of deciphering chemical formulas, practice is crucial. Engage in exercises that involve identifying formula types, calculating molecular weights, and predicting reactions based on specific formulas. Real-world examples, such as analyzing the chemical reactions in household products, can reinforce your understanding. For instance, when baking, the interaction between baking soda (NaHCO₃) and vinegar (C₂H₄O₂) produces carbon dioxide, demonstrating the practical implications of these formulas.

A scientist analyzing a chemical reaction to determine the products based on the reactants' formulas.

Mastering the Language of Chemistry

Understanding chemical formulas is not just an academic exercise; it is an essential skill that aids scientists and researchers in various fields. From the makeup of vital compounds like water to the intricate structures of life-saving pharmaceuticals, chemical formulas unlock a deeper knowledge of our world. By becoming proficient in reading and interpreting these formulas, you can enhance both your professional expertise and personal interests in the captivating field of science. Whether you are a student, educator, or simply curious, exploring the world of chemical formulas offers rewarding insights that can enrich your understanding of everyday life.